Effects of queen ages on Varroa (Varroa destructor) infestation level in honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasica) colonies and colony performance

This study was conducted to determine the effects of queen age on varroa population levels in hives and performance of honey bee (A. mellifera caucasica) colonies. Levels of varroa infestation and performances of the colonies which had 0, 1- and 2-year-old queens were compared in mild climate conditions. Varroa numbers on adults and drone brood, number of frames covered with bees and brood areas were determined every month between 10 May and 10 October 2004. Overall average ( S.E.) % infestation levels of varroa were found to be 5.96 +/- 1.42, 11.58 +/- 1.46 and 15.87 +/- 1.39% on adult bees and 21.55 +/- 1.43, 31.96 +/- 1.44 and 37.55 +/- 1.45% in drone brood cells for 0, 1- and 2-year-old queen colonies, respectively. The colonies which had 0, 1- and 2-year-old queens produced 2673.58 +/- 39.69, 2711.75 +/- 39.68, and 1815.08 +/- 39.70 cm(2) overall average (+/- S.E.) sealed brood and 10.35 +/- 0.24, 10.43 +/- 0.26 and 7.51 +/- 0.21 numbers of frame adult bees, respectively. Honey harvested from 0, 1- and 2-year-old queen colonies averaged 21.60 +/- 5.25, 22.20 +/- 6.55, and 14.70 +/- 2.50 kg/colony, respectively. The colonies headed by young queens had a lower level of varroa infestation, a greater brood area, longer worker bee population and greater honey yield in comparison to colonies headed by old queens.