Hydroxytyrosol protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via attenuating CKLF1 mediated inflammation, and inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis

Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely used as a broad-spectrum anticancer chemotherapeutic drug, often giving rise to nephrotoxicity due to the enhancement of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a representative and effective polyphenol component of Fructus Ligustri lucidi, has been known to have antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a novel chemokine participates in inflammation and related to various inflammatory diseases. The present study is to investigate the protective effects and mechanism of HT on CDDP injured HK-2 cells and kidneys of mice. HT protected HK-2 cells against CDDP toxicity, and improved CDDP-induced histopathalogical damage and renal dysfunction in mice. HT suppressed the increased expression of CKLF1 and NF-kappa B activation caused by CDDP, attenuating followed inflammatory response manifested by declined levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. The protective effects of HT against CDDP-induced injury were partly reversed on CKLF1 overexpressed HK-2 cells, which shown by decreased cell viability and increased activation of NF-kappa B. HT also up-regulated the activities of GSH and SOD decreased by CDDP, and inhibited the increased production of MDA and NO induced by CDDP. Moreover, HT also inhibited CDDP-induced apoptosis in kidneys of mice. Our results demonstrated that HT protected CDDP-induced renal injury through inhibiting CKLF1 mediated inflammatory pathway, and also by anti-oxidative stress and antiapoptosis. HT may be an effective therapeutic agent in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.