Modulation of host cell receptors: a mechanism for the survival of malaria parasites

Intra-erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites can alter the surface of their host cells and release toxins which induce the production of cytokines, which in turn can up-or down-regulate the expression of adhesion receptors on the surface of microvascular endothelial cells. New adhesion receptors on endothelial cells provide the parasite with increased chances of survival despite an increasing level of host immunity. In order to take advantage of these new opportunities for survival, the parasite itself needs to make best use of its considerable ability to vary its surface antigens and adherent molecules. The paper describes the various players in this survival game and articulates a working hypothesis to explain how it may all fit together.