Effects of RF inhomogeneity at 3.0T on ramped RF excitation: Application to 3D time-of-flight MR angiography of the intracranial arteries

Purpose: To demonstrate the effects of inherent RF inhomogeneity on ramped RF excitation at 3.0`T, and to introduce a simple correction for improving visualization of distal intracranial arteries in three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography (3D-TOF-MRA). Materials and Methods: At 3.0T, the effects of RF inhomogeneity arising from RF interference were demonstrated for ramped RF excitation in intracranial 3D-TOF-MRA. Computer simulations and experiments on phantoms and eight normal volunteers were performed. Four different ramp shapes were tested as a possible means of countering the reduced RF field that affects the distal intracranial arteries. Results: RF destructive interference alters the ramp pulse shape, which is problematic for vessels that proceed, from the center to the edge of the brain. Increasing! the ramp pulse slope was shown, to be an effective yet simple correction to counter the falling-off of the RF field toward the I periphery,of the head. With this approach, circle-of-Willis 3D-TOF-MRA studies had improved distal visibility. Conclusion: Ramped RF excitation is severely affected by RF interference at 3.0T, which makes the ramp profile suboptimal for distal intracranial blood vessels. A simple correction of the ramp slope can make a marked improvement.