Seasonal characterization of submicron aerosol chemical composition and organic aerosol sources in the southeastern United States: Atlanta, Georgia,and Look Rock, Tennessee

A year-long near-real-time characterization of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) was conducted at an urban (Atlanta, Georgia, in 2012) and rural (Look Rock, Tennessee, in 2013) site in the southeastern US using the Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) collocated with established air-monitoring network measurements. Seasonal variations in organic aerosol (OA) and inorganic aerosol species are attributed to meteorological conditions as well as anthropogenic and biogenic emissions in this region. The highest concentrations of NR-PM1 were observed during winter and fall seasons at the urban site and during spring and summer at the rural site. Across all seasons and at both sites, NR-PM1 was composed largely of OA (up to 76aEuro-%) and sulfate (up to 31aEuro-%). Six distinct OA sources were resolved by positive matrix factorization applied to the ACSM organic mass spectral data collected from the two sites over the 1 year of near-continuous measurements at each site: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA), isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) OA (IEPOX-OA) and 91Fac (a factor dominated by a distinct ion at ma center dot zaEuro-91 fragment ion previously observed in biogenic influenced areas). LV-OOA was observed throughout the year at both sites and contributed up to 66aEuro-% of total OA mass. HOA was observed during the entire year only at the urban site (on average 21aEuro-% of OA mass). BBOA (15-33aEuro-% of OA mass) was observed during winter and fall, likely dominated by local residential wood burning emission. Although SV-OOA contributes quite significantly ( aEuro-27aEuro-%), it was observed only at the urban site during colder seasons. IEPOX-OA was a major component (27-41aEuro-%) of OA at both sites, particularly in spring and summer. An ion fragment at ma center dot zaEuro-75 is well correlated with the ma center dot zaEuro-82 ion associated with the aerosol mass spectrum of IEPOX-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The contribution of 91Fac to the total OA mass was significant (on average 22aEuro-% of OA mass) at the rural site only during warmer months. Comparison of 91Fac OA time series with SOA tracers measured from filter samples collected at Look Rock suggests that isoprene oxidation through a pathway other than IEPOX SOA chemistry may contribute to its formation. Other biogenic sources could also contribute to 91Fac, but there remains a need to resolve the exact source of this factor based on its significant contribution to rural OA mass.