Active energy interaction between multiple distributed energy systems with flexible decentralization operation: Energy bank

This work proposed a DES aggregator of energy bank (EB) to unite distributed energy resources in the local energy community, which is an energy exchange and storage platform, and profits from service fees. In the business between DESs and EB, DESs actively report their energy interaction willingnesses to EB according to their system structures and operating environments. Then, the EB unified coordinates energy demander and supplier. The DES only focuses on its production, and the EB does not interfere with DES operation. Thereby, the privacy and autonomy of DES are guaranteed, and the EB can continuously aggregate DES in an elastic and scalable manner. Finally, a multi-objective collaborative optimization is formulated to improve the economic and environmental performances of DESs. Different application scenarios of EB are compared in the case study to verify the proposed EB. The collaborative optimization between DESs and EB has the best performance, and using EB to aggregate independent optimized DESs also significantly improves performance, in which the interests of all DESs are protected. Moreover, the charge and discharge complementarity of shared energy storage in EB increases the dispatchable storage capacity and power of DES by up to 295% and 784%, respectively, and prolongs the battery life by up to 2.74 years.