Toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens Fecal Isolates of Reintroduced Pere David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in China

Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen causing sudden death syndrome, necrotic enteritis, and gas gangrene in ruminants, especially some deer species. Pere David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) is One of the world's rare-species and is an endangered and protected species in China. Some Pere David's deer in the Chinese Shishou Pere David's Deer Preserve died due to C. perfringens infection. We investigated the toxin types and C. perfringens enterotoxin-positive (cpe(+)) strains of isolated C. perfringens in Pere David's deer in China. We collected 155 fecal samples from the Beijing Nanhaizi Pere David's Deer Park and the Jiangsu Dafeng Pere David's Deer National Nature Reserve between July 2010 and July 2011. Bacteria isolated using blood agar and mannitol agar plates were identified by Gram staining and nested PCR for 16S rRNA. We isolated C. perfringens from 41 fecal samples and used PCR amplification of five toxin genes to identify the toxinotypes and the cpe+ strains of C. perfringens. Twenty-one isolates were type A, 15 were type E, and five were type D. Fifteen isolates were cpe(+) strains, including eight that were type A and seven that were type E.