Anisotropy and formability in sheet metal forming

Two types of anisotropy have been introduced in the Marcimak model for the prediction of forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of sheet material. One type is due to crystallographic texture, the other is due to dislocation substructure. First, an anisotropic plastic potential is derived from a measured crystallographic texture using a multilevel model. The yield locus can be derived from this plastic potential. In addition to this, a model is used to simulate microstructure-induced work hardening and softening. This model can take effects of strain path changes into account. Both the texture-based and microstructure-based anisotropic model are then implemented in the Marciniak model and used for FLD calculation. Examples of application are given for IOF steel and for aluminium alloys. Recent research has focused on the physical basis of the microstructure-induced work hardening and softening. The principles of this model will be elucidated.