Influence of buthionine sulfoximine and reduced glutathione on arecoline-induced chromosomal damage and sister chromatid exchange in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo

Arecoline (ARC), an alkaloid of the betel nut (Areca catechu), is a major ingradient of betel quid. The carcinogenic potentiality as well as its cell transformation ability has already been reported, Reduced glutathione (GSH), a major non-protein thiol substance plays an important role in protection of cells against the toxic effect of exogenous compounds. In order to understand the role of factors which affect ARC sensitivity, we have made an attempt to establish a relationship between ARC-induced DNA damage and the endogenous GSH status of the cells. ARC was administered to untreated and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (a GSH-depleting agent)-treated mice. Exogenous GSH was also added to ARC-administered mice. Cells were fixed at 20 h and both chromosome aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were scored. Both CAs and SCEs were significantly induced by ARC and the frequency of both these parameters were increased further when ARC was given to BSO-treated mice. However, GSH reduced the frequency of CAs induced by ARC but failed to do so for SCEs. The data indicate that ARC-induced DNA damage is influenced by endogenous GSH level. The failure of GSH to reduce the frequency of SCEs indicates that the mechanism of induction of CAs and SCEs by ARC are different.