Multi-Factor Collaborative Governance of Controlling Shareholder Expropriation Behavior in Emerging Economies: A Perspective of Double Principal-Agent Conflicts

Controlling shareholder expropriation is an important issue in corporate governance in emerging economies. The existing literature discusses the effects of minority shareholder legal protection, controlling shareholder ownership, and managerial shareholding on controlling shareholder expropriation, which is mainly empirical research with insufficient attention to the internal relationships among the governance factors. This research builds theoretical models to study the interactive mechanisms between minority shareholder legal protection, controlling shareholders' initial shareholding ratios, managerial shareholding, controlling shareholder expropriation, and management effort. Furthermore, setting reasonable ranges for parameters, we use MATLAB to conduct numerical simulations and expand the detailed analyses to quantitatively reveal the degrees of influence of the governance factors. Our results show that controlling shareholder expropriation is negatively related to the degree of minority shareholder legal protection and controlling shareholders' initial shareholding ratios, while the optimal managerial shareholding ratio is positively related to the degree of minority shareholder legal protection and controlling shareholders' initial shareholding ratios. The findings enrich the literature on the governance of controlling shareholder expropriation and provide new approaches to and theoretical explanations for the governance of controlling shareholder expropriation toward sustainability in emerging economies.