Ultrastructural properties of bone mineral of control and tiludronate-treated osteoporotic rat

Bisphosphonates have been widely used in the treatment of human bone pathologies including osteoporosis. In this case, bisphosphonates have been shown to reduce bone resorption, thereby increasing the mass and mechanical resistance of bone. Determining the effects of these molecules on the properties of the bone apatite crystals could provide a better insight into the mechanism of bisphosphonate/bone interaction. The aim of this study was to determine the ultrastructural effects of a third generation bisphosphonate (tiludronate) on the morphology, size, distribution, chemical composition, and structure of apatite crystals in bone (trabecular) in a rat osteoporotic model. Four groups of rats were studied: (1) sham operated, (2) untreated ovariectomized (OVX), (3) OVX rats which received 35 mg/kg of tiludronate, (4) OVX rats which received 160 mg/kg of tiludronate. The rats of groups 3 and 4 received tiludronate orally in 2 consecutive days every week for I year. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high and low resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron microprobe analysis (EDX) were used for the ultrastructural characterization of the bone mineral. This study demonstrated that tiludronate slightly increased the width of bone apatite crystals without changing any other crystal characteristics.