Desulfurization of raw naphtha cuts using hybrid systems based on acoustic cavitation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)

A combination of dual-frequency acoustic cavitation (acoustic cavitation) and UV assisted advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) reaction system was developed for desulfurization of raw naphtha used to produce aviation fuels. Various types of oxidants in hybrid systems including hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, acetone, air and ozone were compared. At optimum oxidant to sulfur compounds molar ratio (rox) of 5.0, the hybrid process of acoustic cavitation /acetic acid/hydrogen peroxide (acoustic cavitation/peracetic acid) was the most effective treatment process with synergistic index of 7.55 and desulfurization efficiency of 100% (highest reaction rate constant of 0.1337 min-1) for all sulfur compounds present in naphtha within the short reaction time of 30 min. At rox of 0.5 and 1.0, the synergy coefficients of 3.77 and 5.41 corresponding to the desulfurization efficiencies of 93.07 and 95.10% were obtained in 180 min, respectively. Comparatively, at the rox of 5.0, the efficiency of acoustic cavitation combined with hydrogen peroxide alone and acetic acid alone was 63.68 and 47.36%, respectively. Alternative treatment process of acoustic cavitation /UV/acetone/water can be used for the complete desulfurization (100%) of specific sulphur compounds including dibutyl sulfide, di-tert butyl disulfide, 1,4butanedithiol and benzyl thiol considering the optimum acetone to water ratio of 2:1. All acoustic cavitation-based treatment systems followed the pseudo first order kinetic model. The most expensive process was ozone-aided acoustic cavitation with treatment costs exceeding 100 USD m-3. The peracetic acid-based system was the most economic process with a treatment cost of 15 USD/m(3 )with electric energy consumption of 100.17 kWh/m(3).