Angiography;
Children;
Gadolinium-based contrast agents;
Magnetic resonance angiography;
Magnetic resonance imaging;
Slow infusion;
Time resolved;
Venography;
MR-ANGIOGRAPHY;
INJECTION RATE;
IMAGE QUALITY;
DISEASE;
HEART;
D O I:
10.1007/s00247-021-05020-z
中图分类号:
R72 [儿科学];
学科分类号:
100202 ;
摘要:
This review introduces the basic principles of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and details four contrast-enhanced MR angiography sequences for body imaging with extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents in pediatric patients. Specifically, this review covers (1) respiratory-navigated, cardiac-gated MR angiography; (2) time-resolved MR angiography; (3) conventional MR angiography; and (4) modified spoiled gradient echo variants. We present and discuss indications, technical considerations, sequence optimization, advantages and disadvantages, along with practical tips and illustrative case examples for each sequence.