Concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in maternal and umbilical cord blood at birth: Influence of co-administration of valproic acid or enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs

Background: Carbamazepine is one of the three most frequently prescribed antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. However, data relating to both carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide transplacental passage remain sparse. Material and methods: We have analysed in a cohort of 114 women carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide levels in maternal and umbilical cord serum at birth during 25 years retrospectively. The carbamazepine maternal apparent oral clearance, ratio of the umbilical cord/maternal level and ratio of the carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide/carbamazepine ratio were estimated. The influence of co-medication with valproic acid or enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs was evaluated. Results: The maternal carbamazepine levels varied from 0.6 to 11.8 mg/L (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide 0.1-2.5 mg/L) and in umbilical cord between 0.1 and 10.5 mg/L (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide 0.1-2.2 mg/L). The ratio the of umbilical cord/maternal level of carbamazepine ranged from 0.03 to 2.23 (median 0.80) and of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide between 0.17 and 2.00 (median 0.83). Concomitant administration with enzyme inducers significantly increased the maternal apparent oral clearance by approximately 50% and co-administration with valproic acid approximately by 70%. Combination with valproic acid significantly increased the rate of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide to the parent drug both in maternal serum (by approximately 80%) and in umbilical cord (by 100%). Conclusions: The data showed the wide interindividual variability of the ratio of the umbilical cord/maternal level of both carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. It is the first study showing the significant increase of the ratio of umbilical cord/maternal level of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide/carbamazepine ratio not only in maternal serum but also in umbilical cord in addition of valproic acid. The present study demonstrates that a concomitant administration of enzyme-inducing antiepileptics and valproic acid increases the maternal apparent oral clearance of carbamazepine significantly. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.