Microstructure and texture evolution during multi-direction forging of titanium

Wrought Titanium is used as load-bearing aircraft and automobile components due to superior specific strength, low density, and corrosion resistance. In this work, Titanium billets were subjected to open-die forging successively along mutually perpendicular axes at ambient temperature. Microstructure and texture evolution was investigated using optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction in a scanning electron microscope to understand deformation behaviour. The analysis revealed (i) the grain refinement through dislocation activities with the increase in geometrically necessary dislocations, (ii) evolution and interaction of considerable {10 (1) over bar2} extension and {11 (2) over bar2} contraction twins leading to the formation of coincident site lattice boundaries, and (iii) unusual butdesirable texture. Strength of the material improved considerably after the ambient temperature multi-direction forging. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.