Loran-C chain and UTC synchronisation

There has been much discussion recently implying that Loran-C chain synchronisation using 'System Area Monitor' (SAM) control and using 'Time of Transmission (or Emission)' (TOT or TOE) are incompatible mechanisations of Loran-C chain time management because of their differing impact on users. Further, the mechanisation of UTC synchronisation is described as either satellite (GPS/GLONASS) based or Loran Chain measurement based, thereby excluding integrated use of both techniques for reliability. These differences an not mutually exclusive. Well-defined chain synchronisation can logically apply all measurement and control techniques as well as providing improved accuracy. This paper defines synchronisation and describes the history of Loran-C synchronisation control and the current methods employed. The existence of Cesium Standards at Loran stations, and the recent introduction of digital signal processing receivers, have greatly changed the potential for extremely precise timing control, detection of extraordinary timing changes, and the maintenance of very tight UTC synchronisation. This paper describes a number of techniques for defining, observing and applying the various sources of timing information, optimising performance for users and simplifying implementation for service providers.