Metagenomic Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Drinking Water Supply System of a Mega City

Supplying safe water to consumers is vital for protection of public health. With population of >15 million, Karachi is the main economical hub of Pakistan. Lake Keenjhar serves as the main source of fresh water while Hub dam is the secondary water reservoir for Karachi. In this study, bacterial community of the drinking water supply system (DWSS) of Karachi was studied from source to tap using metagenomics approach. For this purpose, we collected 41 water samples from different areas of the city (n=38) and water reservoirs (n=3). 16S rDNA metagenomic sequencing of water samples revealed that 88% sequences were associated with Proteobacteria (52%), Planctomycetes (15%), Becteroidetes (12%), and Verrucomicrobia (6%). On the class level, -proteobacteria (6-56%) were found to be the most abundant followed by - (8-41%) and -proteobacteria (6-52%). On the genus level, substantial diversity was observed among the samples. Bacterial communities in water from Hub dam was found to be distantly related while among the residential towns, Lyari was highly distant from the others. Twenty-four bacterial genera were found to be exclusively present in residential area samples in comparison to the source waters which is suggestive of their resistance against treatment procedures and/or contamination. Metagenomic analysis revealed abundance of Pseudomonas, Legionella, Neisseria, Acinetobacter, Bosea, and Microcystis genera in residential areas water samples. The present metagenomic analysis of DWSS of Karachi has allowed the evaluation of bacterial communities in source water and the water being supplied to the city. Moreover, measurement of heavy metals in water samples from Karachi revealed arsenic concentration according to WHO standards which is in contrast of recent study which reported extensive arsenic contamination in aquifers in the Indus valley plain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metagenomic study of DWSS of Karachi.