The effect of CO on CO2 methanation over Ru/Al2O3 catalysts: a combined steady-state reactivity and transient DRIFT spectroscopy study

The reactivity of Ru/Al2O3 catalysts in the hydrogenation of CO/CO2 gas stream is investigated in this work to assess the possibility of carrying out CO2 methanation even in the presence of CO in the feed stream. Such a goal is pursued by conducting reactivity studies at process conditions of industrial interest (i.e., at high COx per-pass conversion and with concentrated COx/H-2 streams) and by monitoring the surface species on the catalyst through transient DRIFTS-MS analysis. The catalyst shows gradual deactivation when the methanation is carried out in the presence of CO in the gas feed at low temperatures (200-300 degrees C). However, stable performance is observed at higher temperatures, showing CH4 yields even higher than those observed during methanation of a pure CO2 feed. DRIFTS-MS experiments agree with a CO2 methanation pathway where CO2 is adsorbed as bicarbonate on Al2O3 and successively hydrogenated to methane on Ru, passing through formate and carbonyl intermediates. In the presence of CO at low temperature, the catalyst shows a higher CO coverage of the Ru sites, a larger formate coverage of the alumina sites and the presence of adsorbed carbonaceous species, identified as carboxylate and hydrocarbon species. By carrying out the CO2 hydrogenation on the deactivated catalyst, carboxylates remain on the surface, effectively blocking CO2 adsorption sites. However, the catalyst deactivation at low temperature is reversible as thermal treatment (> 350 degrees C) is able to restore the catalytic activity. Notably, working above the carboxylate decomposition temperature ensures a clean catalyst surface without high CO coverage, resulting in stable and high performance in CO/CO2 methanation.