Transcriptional repression of the testis-specific histone H1t gene mediated by an element upstream of the H1/AC box

The testis-specific histone Hlt gene is transcribed exclusively in primary spermatocytes and may be important for chromatin structure, transcription, and DNA repair during this stage of spermatogenesis. Transcriptional repression of the gene in other cell types is mediated in part by specific proximal and distal promoter elements and in some cell types by methylation of CpG dinucleotides within the promoter. Our laboratory identified a distal promoter element located between 948 and 780 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site and another laboratory identified a GC-rich region between the TATA box and transcription initiation site that contribute to repression. In this article we address transcriptional repression of the histone Hlt gene by an element within the proximal promoter. We report discovery of an element designated H It promoter repressor element (RE) located between - 130 and - 106 bp that contributes to repression. The findings support the hypothesis that multiple mechanisms are involved in transcriptional repression of the H1t gene. Transcriptional repression mediated by the RE element in NIH 3T3 cells appears to differ significantly from the mechanism mediated by the GC-rich region. Furthermore, binding proteins that form the RE complex are not present in rat testis where the gene is actively transcribed. Our findings provide a molecular basis for histone Hlt gene repression. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.