Pandemics throughout the centuries

Pandemics have ravished the globe periodically, often associated with war, at times commenc-ing as fever and rash, beginning in recorded history in the crowded walled city of Athens during the Peloponnesian War as described in great detail by the Athenian historian and military general Thucy-dides in 430 BCE. As the world now faces the first major pandemic of the 21st century, we focus on the & ldquo;plague & rdquo; commencing in Athens in 430 BCE and the 2 pandemics of the more recent century, which killed more than one million, the Spanish flu of 1918 and the Asian flu of 1957. The latter linked with successful vaccine development thanks to the heroic efforts of microbiologist Maurice Hilleman. We now look back and then forward to the viral infection coronavirus disease 2019 now devastating the world. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.