Arguments about the importance of democracy for international behavior assume that states rely on military organizations rather than ohired guns.o With the growth of the private security market this assumption no longer holds true. Focusing on the United States, we use original data to compare the impacts of using private military/security forces and military forces on attributes identified as endemic to democracies: constitutionalism, transparency, and public consent. Our evidence indicates that forces raised via contract are harder to learn about and thus less transparent than military forces. Largely due to lowered transparency, Congress has a harder time exercising its constitutional role, which impedes constitutionalism. Finally, though the public is just as sensitive to the deaths of private forces as it is to military deaths, it is less likely to know about them. Thus the lack of transparency also circumvents meaningful public consent. We conclude with a consideration of the potential implications of these changes for U.S. foreign policy.
机构:
Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Creamer, Kevin M.
Edwards, Mary J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
Tripler Army Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Honolulu, HI 96859 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Edwards, Mary J.
Shields, Cynthia H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Anesthesiol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Shields, Cynthia H.
Thompson, Mark W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
Tripler Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Honolulu, HI 96859 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Thompson, Mark W.
Yu, Clifton E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Yu, Clifton E.
Adelman, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Adelman, William
JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE,
2009,
67
(04):
: 762
-
768
机构:
Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Creamer, Kevin M.
Edwards, Mary J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
Tripler Army Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Honolulu, HI 96859 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Edwards, Mary J.
Shields, Cynthia H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Anesthesiol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Shields, Cynthia H.
Thompson, Mark W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
Tripler Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Honolulu, HI 96859 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Thompson, Mark W.
Yu, Clifton E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Yu, Clifton E.
Adelman, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USAWalter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA
Adelman, William
JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE,
2009,
67
(04):
: 762
-
768