Pulmonary vein-gap re-entrant atrial tachycardia following atrial fibrillation ablation: an electrophysiological insight with high-resolution mapping

Aims The circuit of pulmonary vein-gap re-entrant atrial tachycardia (PV-gap RAT) after atrial fibrillation ablation is sometimes difficult to identify by conventional mapping. We analysed the detailed circuit and electrophysiological features of PV-gap RATs using a novel high-resolution mapping system. Methods and results This multicentre study investigated 27 (7%) PV-gap RATs in 26 patients among 378 atrial tachycardias (ATs) mapped with Rhythmia (TM) system in 281 patients. The tachycardia cycle length (TCL) was 258 +/- 52 ms with P-wave duration of 116 +/- 28 ms. Three types of PV-gap RAT circuits were identified: (A) two gaps in one pulmonary vein (PV) (unilateral circuit) (n = 17); (B) two gaps in the ipsilateral superior and inferior PVs (unilateral circuit) (n = 6); and (C) two gaps in one PV with a large circuit around contralateral PVs (bilateral circuit) (n = 4). Rhythmia (TM) mapping demonstrated two distinctive entrance and exit gaps of 7.6 +/- 2.5 and 7.9 +/- 4.1 mm in width, respectively, the local signals of which showed slow conduction (0.14 +/- 0.18 and 0.11 +/- 0.10m/s) with fragmentation (duration 86 +/- 27 and 78 +/- 23 ms) and low-voltage (0.17 +/- 0.13 and 0.17 +/- 0.21 mV). Twenty-two ATs were terminated (mechanical bump in one) and five were changed by the first radiofrequency application at the entrance or exit gap. Moreover, the conduction time inside the PVs (entrance-to-exit) was 138 +/- 60 ms (54 +/- 22% of TCL); in all cases, this resulted in demonstrating P-wave with an isoelectric line in all leads. Conclusion This is the first report to demonstrate the detailed mechanisms of PV-gap re-entry that showed evident entrance and exit gaps using a high-resolution mapping system. The circuits were variable and Rhythmia (TM)-guided ablation targeting the PV-gap can be curative.