The role of FOXO transcription factors in the development of type 2 diabetes and related potential therapeutic possibilities

Forkhead box class O (FOXO) family member proteins are key transcription factors for maintaining the intracellular homeostasis in response to changes in the internal and external environment. They participate in the control of such cellular processes as proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress response. Altered expression and activity of these factors are associated with development of metabolic disturbances, primarily type 2 diabetes. Understanding of the role of FOXO in the pathophysiology of these abnormalities will enable appropriate steps to prevent their development and to create therapies targeted at the disturbances underlying type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In the present article, we summarized the current knowledge about the physiology and pathophysiology of these transcription factors and described their role in the development of diabetes and functioning of various organs. We focused on their role in progression of diabetes and indicated potential targets for future therapeutic interventions.