Antibiotic resistance genes and intI1 prevalence in a swine wastewater treatment plant and correlation with metal resistance, bacterial community and wasteWater parameters

The livestock wastewater treatment plant represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance determinants in the environment. The study explored the prevalence of five antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs, including soli, tetA, qnrD, mphB and mcr-1) and class 1 integron (intI1) in a typical livestock wastewater treatment plant, and analyzed their integrated association with two metal resistance genes (copA and czcA), two pathogens genes (Staphylococcus and Campylobacter), bacterial community and wastewater properties. Results indicated that all investigated genes were detected in the plant. The treatment plant could not completely remove ARGs abundances, with up to 2.2 x 10(4)similar to 3.7 x 10(8) copies/L of them remaining in the effluent. Mcr-1 was further enriched by 27-fold in the subsequent pond. The correlation analysis showed that mphB significantly correlateed with tetA and intl. Mcr-1 strongly correlated with copA. MphB and Intl significantly correlated with czcA. The correlations implied a potential co-selection risk of bacterial resistant to antibiotics and metals. Redundancy analyses indicated that qnrD and mcr-1 strongly correlated with 13 and 14 bacterial genera, respectively. Most ARGs positively correlated to wastewater nutrients, indicating that an efficient reduction of wastewater nutrients would contribute to the antibiotic resistance control. The study will provide useful implications on fates and reductions of ARGs in livestock facilities and receiving environments.