Mechanism of action and potential applications of selective inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1-mediated -PGE2 biosynthesis by sonlicromanol's metabolite KH176m

Increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) levels were detected in mitochondrial disease patient cells harboring nuclear gene mutations in structural subunits of complex I, using a metabolomics screening approach. The increased levels of this principal inflammation mediator normalized following exposure of KH176m, an active redox-modulator metabolite of sonlicromanol (KH176). We next demonstrated that KH176m selectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-induced PGE(2) production in control skin fibroblasts. Comparable results were obtained in the mouse macrophagelike cell line RAW264.7. KH176m selectively inhibited mPGES-1 activity, as well as the inflammationinduced expression of mPGES-1. Finally, we showed that the effect of KH176m on mPGES-1 expression is due to the inhibition of a PGE(2)-driven positive feedback control-loop of mPGES-1 transcriptional regulation. Based on the results obtained we discuss potential new therapeutic applications of KH176m and its clinical stage parent drug candidate sonlicromanol in mitochondrial disease and beyond.