Challenges to pooling models of crowding: Implications for visual mechanisms

被引:40
作者
Rosenholtz, Ruth [1 ,2 ]
Yu, Dian [1 ]
Keshvari, Shaiyan [2 ]
机构
[1] MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
[2] MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
来源
JOURNAL OF VISION | 2019年 / 19卷 / 07期
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
peripheral vision; crowding; pooling mechanism; high-dimensional pooling models; OBJECT RECOGNITION; SPATIAL INTERACTION; RESOLUTION; REPRESENTATIONS; STATISTICS; BOTTLENECK; PERCEPTION; SIGNALS; LEVEL;
D O I
10.1167/19.7.15
中图分类号
R77 [眼科学];
学科分类号
100212 ;
摘要
A set of phenomena known as crowding reveal peripheral vision's vulnerability in the face of clutter. Crowding is important both because of its ubiquity, making it relevant for many real-world tasks and stimuli, and because of the window it provides onto mechanisms of visual processing. Here we focus on models of the underlying mechanisms. This review centers on a popular class of models known as pooling models, as well as the phenomenology that appears to challenge a pooling account. Using a candidate high-dimensional pooling model, we gain intuitions about whether a pooling model suffices and reexamine the logic behind the pooling challenges. We show that pooling mechanisms can yield substitution phenomena and therefore predict better performance judging the properties of a set versus a particular item. Pooling models can also exhibit some similarity effects without requiring mechanisms that pool at multiple levels of processing, and without constraining pooling to a particular perceptual group. Moreover, we argue that other similarity effects may in part be due to noncrowding influences like cuing. Unlike low-dimensional straw-man pooling models, high-dimensional pooling preserves rich information about the stimulus, which may be sufficient to support high-level processing. To gain insights into the implications for pooling mechanisms, one needs a candidate high-dimensional pooling model and cannot rely on intuitions from low-dimensional models. Furthermore, to uncover the mechanisms of crowding, experiments need to separate encoding from decision effects. While future work must quantitatively examine all of the challenges to a high-dimensional pooling account, insights from a candidate model allow us to conclude that a high-dimensional pooling mechanism remains viable as a model of the loss of information leading to crowding.
引用
收藏
页数:25
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