Gender Differences in the Intention to Start a Business An Updated and Extended Meta-Analysis

The present study updates and extends the meta-analysis by Haus et al. (2013) who applied the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to analyze gender differences in the motivation to start a business. We extend this meta-analysis by investigating the moderating role of the societal context in which the motivation to start a business emerges and proceeds. The results, based on 119 studies analyzing 129 samples with 266,958 individuals from 36 countries, show smaller gender differences than the original study and reveal little differences across cultural regions in the effects of the tested model. A meta-regression analyzing the role of specific cultural dimensions and economic factors on gender-related correlations reveals significant effects only of gender egalitarianism and in the opposite direction as expected. In summary, the study contributes to the discussion on gender differences, the importance of study replications and updates of meta-analyses, and the generalizability of theories across cultural contexts.