Cigarette smoke reduces short chain fatty acid production by a Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolate

Objectives We hypothesized that short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production by oral pathogens is suppressed by exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Background Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for plaque-induced periodontal diseases. Despite increased disease susceptibility, overt oral inflammation is suppressed in smokers, presenting a diagnostic conundrum. Bacterial-derived SCFAs can penetrate into oral tissues where they influence multiple components of immune and healing responses. Indeed, the SCFA burden has been correlated with the inflammatory condition of the gingiva. However, the influence of cigarette consumption on SCFA production is unknown. Methods GC/MS was employed to monitor the production of several SCFAs (propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid) by representative anaerobic oral pathogens (Filifactor alocis 35896, Fusobacterium nucleatum 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis 33277) that were exposed, or not, to a physiologically relevant dose of CSE (2000 ng/ml nicotine equivalents) generated from 3R4F reference cigarettes. Results The growth of all three bacterial species was unaffected by CSE. The capacity to produce SCFAs by these bacteria was highly varied. F alocis produced the highest concentration of a specific SCFA (butyrate); P gingivalis provided the most robust overall SCFA signal, while F alocis and F nucleatum did not release detectable levels of isobutyrate or isovalerate. As P gingivalis 33277 was the broadest SCFA producer, three low-passage clinical isolates (10208C, 5607, and 10512) were also examined. Compared to unconditioned microbes, reduced SCFA release was apparent in CSE-exposed low-passage clinical isolates of P gingivalis which reached significance for one of the three isolates (propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids, all P < 0.05). Conclusions There is high disparity in the SCFA profiles of variant chronic periodontitis-associated bacteria, while CSE exposure reduces SCFA production by a specific clinical strain of P gingivalis. If the latter phenomenon occurs in vivo, a reduced SCFA burden may help explain the reduced vascular response to dental plaque in tobacco smokers.