Noise in an optical amplifier: Formulation of a new semiclassical model

After pointing out some questionable assumptions of the standard beating theory, we formulate a new semiclassical wave theory of the noise in optical amplifiers, The theory is simple yet rigorous and uses a few quantum statements in a classical signal framework, The amplifier is modeled as a 2 x 2 port device, and the amplified spontaneous emission and associated noise are shown to be just the amplified coherent state (or vacuum state) fluctuation of the field entering the idler input, The new theory can treat other closely related detection schemes as well, correctly supplying both mean signal and noise.