Partially ionized hybrid nanofluid flow with thermal stratification

The flow of nanofluids is of significant prominence owing to its noteworthy industrial usage and high heat transfer capabilities. Lately, "hybrid nanofluid" is being replaced the ordinary nanofluid flows to further boosts the heat transfer competencies. This novel type of hybrid 3D nanofluid model is introduced in this investigation comprising Graphene oxide (GO), Copper (Cu), immersed into the engine Oil. The partially ionized hybrid nano fluid flow is considered on a surface that is stretched in a nonlinear manner influenced by thermal stratification and non-uniform source/sink. The governing system of partial differential equations is translated into a coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equation and addressed by using a MATLAB software function bvp4c. To witness the behavior of certain nondimensional parameters versus the velocity and temperature profiles varied graphical illustrations are plotted. Furthermore, to strengthen the physical analysis the rate of heat flux and surface drag force are given in the tabular format. The authenticity of the presented novel model is done by making a comparison with an already published research in limiting case is also an important feature of this research. The remarkable outcomes of the present study show that the rate of heat flux and the surface drag coefficient show augmentation and diminution respectively for the improved values of the thermal stratification parameter. Further, the surface drag forces in both directions are stronger for the assumed hybrid nanofluid flow while the opposing conduct is observed for the rate of heat flux. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).