Minimum energy requirements for quantum computation

A lower bound on the amount of energy needed to carry out an elementary logical operation on a quantum computer, with a given accuracy and in a given time, is derived. The bound arises from the requirement that the controls used to manipulate the qubits, which ultimately are themselves quantum mechanical systems, must nonetheless be classical to a sufficiently good approximation; it is expected to hold under a wide variety of conditions, and independently of the nature of the physical systems used to encode the qubits. This could have important consequences for very large-scale quantum computations.