Heparan sulfate proteoglycans participate in hepatic lipase- and apolipoprotein E-mediated binding and uptake of plasma lipoproteins, including high density lipoproteins

High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and HDL cholesteryl esters are taken up by both receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated pathways. Here we show that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) participate in hepatic lipase (HL)- and apolipoprotein (apo) E-mediated binding and uptake of mouse and human HDL by cultured hepatocytes. The HL secreted by HL-transfected McA-RH7777 cells enhanced both HDL binding at 4 degrees C (similar to 2-4-fold) and HDL uptake at 37 degrees C (similar to 2-5-fold). The enhanced binding and uptake of HDL were partially inhibited by the 39-kDa protein, an inhibitor of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), but were almost totally blocked by heparinase, which removes the sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains from HSPG. Therefore, HL may mediate the uptake of HDL by two pathways: an HSPG-dependent LRP pathway and an HSPG-dependent but LRP-independent pathway. The HL-mediated binding and uptake of HDL were only minimally reduced when catalytically inactive HL or LRP binding-defective HL was substituted for mild-type HL, indicating that much of the HDL uptake required neither HL binding to the LRP nor lipolytic processing. To study the role of HL in facilitating the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters, we used HDL into which radiolabeled cholesteryl ether had been incorporated. HL increased the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ether; this enhanced uptake was reduced by more than 80% by heparinase but was unaffected by the 39-kDa protein. Like HL, apoE enhanced the binding and uptake of HDL (similar to 2-fold) but had little effect on the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ether. In the presence of HL, apoE did not further increase the uptake of HDL, and at a high concentration apoE impaired or decreased the HL-mediated uptake of HDL. Therefore, HL and apoE may utilize similar (but not identical) binding sites to mediate HDL uptake. Although the relative importance of cell surface HSPG in the overall metabolism of HDL in vivo remains to be determined, cultured hepatocytes clearly displayed an HSPG-dependent pathway that mediates the binding and uptake of HDL. This study also demonstrates the importance of HL in enhancing the binding and uptake of remnant and low density lipoproteins via an HSPG-dependent pathway.