Impact of Vegetation-Generated Turbulence on the Critical, Near-Bed, Wave-velocity for Sediment Resuspension

Laboratory experiments examined the impact of model vegetation on wave-driven resuspension. Model canopies were constructed from cylinders with three diameters (d = 0.32, 0.64, and 1.26 cm) and 12 densities (cylinders/m(2)) up to a solid volume fraction (phi) of 10%. The sediment bed consisted of spherical grains with d(50) = 85 mu m. For each experiment, the wave velocity was gradually adjusted by increasing the amplitude of 2-s waves in a stepwise fashion. A Nortek Vectrino sampled the velocity at z = 1.3 cm above the bed. The critical wave orbital velocity for resuspension was inferred from records of suspended sediment concentration (measured with optical backscatter) as a function of wave velocity. The critical wave velocity decreased with increasing solid volume fraction. The reduction in critical wave velocity was linked to stem-generated turbulence, which, for the same wave velocity, increased with increasing solid volume fraction. The measured turbulence was consistent with a wave-modified version of a stem-turbulence model. The measurements suggested that a critical value of turbulent kinetic energy was needed to initiate resuspension, and this was used to define the critical wave velocity as a function of solid volume fraction. The model predicted the measured critical wave velocity for stem diameters d = 0.64 to 2 cm. Combining the critical wave velocity with an existing model for wave damping defined the meadow size for which wave damping would be sufficient to suppress wave-induced sediment suspension within the interior of the meadow.