Gender effects for loss aversion: Yes, no, maybe?

Gender effects in risk taking have attracted much attention by economists, and remain debated. Loss aversion-the stylized finding that a given loss carries substantially greater weight than a monetarily equivalent gain-is a fundamental driver of risk aversion. We deploy four definitions of loss aversion commonly used in the literature to investigate gender effects. Even though the definitions only differ in subtle ways, we find women to be more loss averse than men according to one definition, while another definition results in no gender differences, and the remaining two definitions point to women being less loss averse than men. Conceptually, these contradictory effects can be organized by systematic measurement error resulting from model mis-specifications relative to the true underlying decision process.