Decadal variability of northern Asian winter monsoon shaped by the 11-year solar cycle

Climate signals associated with 11-year sunspot cycle have been extensively studied in various regions of the northern hemisphere, but the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Asian winter monsoon (AWM) is the most powerful circulation system on the Earth, yet its relationship with the 11-year solar cycle has not been explored. Here the response of AWM to the 11-year solar forcing is explored by analysis of numerical experiment results obtained from the Community Earth System Model-Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME) modeling project. We show that a strong 11-year solar cycle can excite a resonant response of the intrinsic leading mode of the AWM variability, resulting in a significant signal of decadal variation. The leading mode, characterized by a warm Arctic and cold Siberia, responds to the maximum solar irradiance with a peculiar 3 to 4-year delay. We propose a new mechanism to explain this delayed response, in which the 11-year solar cycle affects the AWM via modulating Arctic sea ice variation during the preceding summer. At the peak of the accumulative solar irradiance (i.e., 4 years after the maximum solar irradiance), the Arctic sea ice concentration reaches a minimum over the Barents-Kara Sea region accompanied by an Arctic sea surface warming, which then persists into the following winter, causing Arctic high-pressure extend to the Ural mountain region, which enhances Siberian High and causes a bitter winter over the northern Asia.