Evaluation of the density of steels

Data on physical properties of steels have been collected from the open literature and put into a database. The influence of composition on the density of steels has been analyzed. An overview over former studies is given. The steels have been investigated by regression analysis in two groups, i) ferritic and low alloy steels, and ii) austenitic steels. For ferritic steels two models are provided. The first model is based on the assumption that all C is bound in cementite and other solutes are insoluble in cementite, The second model employs the result of a thermodynamic analysis where the amount of cementite and the solubilities in ferrite and cementite were determined with computational thermodynamics. The non-linear effect of Cr and Mn in cementite was computed and regression analysis of the effect of solutes on the density of ferrite was performed. For Ti-stabilized austenitic steels, the amount of TiC and the solubilities were assessed in a thermodynamic analysis. The effect of solutes on the density of austenite was studied by regression analysis. For estimations of the density of steels containing components that are not covered by the regression analysis, the regression coefficients can be supplemented with literature data or theoretically determined values. The results obtained by the present regression analysis are: Cu and Mo increase the density of ferritic steels, and C, Cr, Mn, S, Si, and V decrease it. TiC. C, Cr, Mn, N, Si, and Ti reduce the density of austenitic steels and Cu, Co. Mo, and Ni increase it.