Metasynthesis: Dying adults' transition process from cure-focused to comfort-focused care

Aim To describe and explain the process of transition from cure-focused to comfort-focused health care as perceived and reported by patients, family members, and healthcare providers. Background Moving into the last phase of life due to advanced illness constitutes a developmental transition with increased vulnerability for patients and family. Design Qualitative metasynthesis. Data sources Medline, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases searched from inception through March 2016. Primary research reports published from 1990 to 2015, using qualitative designs to report transition experiences of patients, family members, and/or healthcare providers were included. Review methods Key elements were extracted and organized into matrices. Findings from each report were analysed using qualitative coding. Results The sample was 56 unique reports from 50 primary studies. Patients and families emphasized the importance of receiving understandable information, emotional support, respect for personhood and control. The critical juncture of 'realizing terminality' preceded a transition to comfort-focused care. Subsequently, a shift in goals of care emphasizing comfort and quality of life could occur. Continued provision of information, effective support, respect and control promoted 'reframing perceptions' and capacity to embrace a changed identity. Reframing allowed patient and family to find meaning and value in this last phase of life and to embrace the opportunity to prepare for death, nurture relationships, and focus on quality of living. Conclusion Understanding the developmental process that can be engaged by patients and families at the end of life provides a theoretical basis that can inform choice and timing of interventions to reduce suffering and enhance positive outcomes.