Acoustic emission in single crystals of ice

The dislocation dynamics during the creep deformation of single crystals of ice Ih was studied using acoustic emission (AE) measurements. The AE activity was recorded during uniaxial compression and torsion creep tests. The results were interpreted in terms of dislocation dynamics with the help of an AE source model relating the amplitude of an acoustic event to the number of dislocations involved in the event and to their velocity. This model was first validated by a comparison between the global AE activity and the global strain rate. Then, it was possible to evaluate the density of moving dislocations during creep deformation. Two regimes were revealed. Without significant polygonization, the density of mobile dislocations, deduced from AE, was proportional to the stress, but increased much faster after polygonization, in agreement with theoretical arguments. Finally, the power law distributions observed for AE amplitudes, the slow driving process, the very large number of interacting dislocations involved, argued for the dislocation dynamics to be a new example of a class of nonlinear dynamics defined as a self-organized critical state (SOC). It would imply that, from a global point of view, the creep of ice single crystals is a marginally stable state rather than a steady-stable state.