Affordable Monsoon Rain Mitigation Measures in the World Heritage Site of Moenjodaro, Pakistan

This study provides an overview of environmental monitoring, monsoon rain deterioration effects, and affordable monitoring measures implemented in the 52 km of exposed walls of the Bronze Age archaeological site of Moenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan). The site was first excavated in 1922, and, after inscription in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1980, it became the experimental ground for several national and international consultants who advised on wide-ranging protection and consolidation methods against monsoon rain attack. The aim of this discussion is to review affordable traditional mitigation measures in use at the site and their effect in terms of heavy rain defense. More recent mitigation techniques are also examined, and their effectiveness in terms of heavy rain defense is discussed. Finally, a case study on the monsoon preparation work carried out in two areas of Moenjodaro is examined.