THE RESEMBLANCE OF FLUOROSIS PATHOLOGY TO THAT OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A MINI-REVIEW

The rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in recent decades might reflect an increased burden from the synergistic action of new ecotoxicological factors such as aluminum (Al3+), heavy metals, pesticides, fertilizers, endocrine disruptors, and others. ASD pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Although epidemiological studies have identified fluoride (F) as a developmental neurotoxin, F is not included among the ASD risk factors. Millions of people drink fluoridated tap water for the prevention of tooth decay. Currently, about 500 million people live in endemic areas with high concentrations of F in groundwater and in the biosphere. Endemic fluorosis is a progressive degenerative disease. Comparing the fluorosis pathological symptoms with ASD pathological symptoms supports the view that F might play a role in ASD etiology. Mitochondria! dysfunctions, oxidative stress and inflammation, decreased melatonin levels, and decrease of IQ have been observed in both ASD and endemic fluorosis. It has been estimated that, in the United States of America, the total costs of ASD per year will reach 461 billion USD by the year 2025. This significant burden, which has widespread effects from the personal level to the state economy, can be probably lowered by focusing more on ASD prevention, including the elimination of F.