Biased agonism at β-adrenergic receptors

The ll-adrenergic receptors (llARs) include three subtypes, ll1, ll2 and ll3. These receptors are widely expressed and regulate numerous physiological processes including cardiovascular and metabolic functions and airway tone. The llARs are also important targets in the treatment of many diseases including hypertension, heart failure and asthma. In some cases, the use of current llAR ligands to treat a disease is suboptimal and can lead to severe side effects. One strategy to potentially improve such treatments is the development of biased agonists that selectively regulate a subset of llAR signaling pathways and responses. Here we discuss the compounds identified to date that preferentially activate a Gsor ll-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway through beta ARs. Mechanistic insight on how these compounds bias signaling sheds light on the potential development of even more selective compounds that should have increased utility in treating disease. <comment>Superscript/Subscript Available</comment> ABSTRACT The ll-adrenergic receptors (llARs) include three subtypes, ll1, ll2 and ll3. These receptors are widely expressed and regulate numerous physiological processes including cardiovascular and metabolic functions and airway tone. The llARs are also important targets in the treatment of many diseases including hypertension, heart failure and asthma. In some cases, the use of current llAR ligands to treat a disease is suboptimal and can lead to severe side effects. One strategy to potentially improve such treatments is the development of biased agonists that selectively regulate a subset of llAR signaling pathways and responses. Here we discuss the compounds identified to date that preferentially activate a Gsor ll-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway through beta ARs. Mechanistic insight on how these compounds bias signaling sheds light on the potential development of even more selective compounds that should have increased utility in treating disease.