The reliability and validity of empirically scaled measures of psychological/verbal control and physical/sexual abuse: Relationship between current negative mood and a history of abuse independent of other negative life events

A history of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse, and circumscribed negative life events are precursors of current psychosomatic symptomatology. However, it is not known whether a history of abuse predicts current symptomatology, independent of other negative life events. We developed three new abuse scales: Psychological/Verbal; Control; and Physical/Sexual, which emerged when survey evidence of a random sample of the general public (N=195) was factor analyzed. Test-retest reliablities conducted on university students (N=62) were moderate to high: Psychological/Verbal (r=0.86); Control (r=0.76); Physical/Sexual (r=0.74); and Negative Life Events (r=0.84). A Negative Life Event scale was developed to measure the cumulative effects of events (over the lifespan). A total score was calculated by summing event scores, weighted in proportion to 11 independent judges' ratings of distress for later use (Kendall's W; X-2=183.67, df=67, p<0.0001). Thirteen criterion measures of current symptomatology were administered to a subsample of the original sample (N=92), and collapsed into one factor for use as the criterion in a regression analysis; results showed that, independent of negative life events and respondent demographics, the Psychological/Verbal and Control Abuse Scales predicted current negative mood and psychosomatic complaints, and the association between current symptomatology and the Physical/Sexual Abuse Scale approached, but did not achieve, statistical significance (t=1.99, df=71, p<.0501). The present study demonstrates that the three abuse scales may be powerful predictors of current symptomatology, and that they have the potential for further investigating a wider range of current medical, physiological, and psychological problems. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.