Increased SAMHD1 transcript expression correlates with interferon-related genes in HIV-1-infected patients

Purpose To investigate the contribution of SAMHD1 to HIV-1 infection in vivo and its relationship with IFN response, the expression of SAMHD1 and IFN-related pathways was evaluated in HIV-1-infected patients. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 388 HIV-1-infected patients, both therapy naive (n = 92) and long-term HAART treated (n = 296), and from 100 gender and age-matched healthy individuals were examined. CD4+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes and gut biopsies were also analyzed in HIV-1-infected subjects on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Gene expression levels of SAMDH1, ISGs (MxA, MxB, HERC5, IRF7) and IRF3 were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR assays. Results SAMHD1 levels in HIV-1-positive patients were significantly increased compared to those in healthy donors. SAMHD1 expression was enhanced in treated patients compared to naive patients (p < 0.0001) and healthy donors (p = 0.0038). Virologically suppressed treated patients exhibited higher SAMHD1 levels than healthy donors (p = 0.0008), viraemic patients (p = 0.0001) and naive patients (p < 0.0001). SAMHD1 levels were also increased in CD4+ T cells compared to those in CD14+ monocytes and in PBMC compared to those of GALT. Moreover, SAMHD1 was expressed more strongly than ISGs in HIV-1-infected patients and positive correlations were found between SAMHD1, ISGs and IRF3 levels. Conclusions SAMHD1 is more strongly expressed than the classical IFN-related genes, increased during antiretroviral therapy and correlated with ISGs and IRF3 in HIV-1-infected patients.