3D Contrast-enhanced MR angiography

Safe, fast, accurate contrast arteriography can be obtained utilizing gadolinium (Gd) and 3D MR, data acquisition for diagnosing vascular diseases. Optimizing contrasts enhanced MRA (CE MRA), however, requires understanding the complex interplay between Gd injection timing, the Fourier mapping of 3D MR data acquisition and a multi- tude of parameters determining resolution, anatomic cov- erage, and sensitivity to motion artifacts. It is critical to time the bolus peak to coincide with central k-space data acquisition, which dominates, image contrast. Oversampling the center of k-space, allows reconstruction of multiple 3D acquisitions, in rapid succession to time-resolve the passage of the contrast bolus. Parallel imaging increases resolution, shortens scan time and compresses, the center of k-space into a shorter period of time, thereby minimizing motion and timing artifacts. Absence of ionizing radiation allows MRA to be repeated and combined, with"additional sequences to more fully characterize anatomy,e flow, and physiology. Utilizing stepping table technology and thigh compression. whole body MRA is, possible with a single contrast injection. As MR technology continue's to advance, CE MRA becomes better and simpler to perform, increasing its efficacy in the diagnosis and management of vascular diseases.