Indomethacin prophylaxis or expectant treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants?

Background: Indomethacin prophylaxis or expectant treatment are common strategies for the prevention or management of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (sPDA). Objective: To compare the clinical responses of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants to indomethacin prophylaxis with hat of other infants who were managed expectantly by being treated with indomethacin or surgically only after an sPDA was detected. Methods: Retrospective cohort investigation of 167 ELBW infants who received indomethacin prophylaxis ( study) and 167 ELBW infants ( control) treated expectantly who were matched by year of birth ( 1999 to 2006), birth weight, gestational age (GA) and gender. Results: Mothers of the two groups of infants were comparable demographically and on the history of preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, antepartum steroids and cesarean delivery. Study and control infants were similar in birth weight, GA, low 5 min Apgar scores, surfactant administration, the need for arterial blood pressure control, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neonatal mortality. Necrotizing enterocolitis, spontaneous intestinal perforations, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III to IV, periventricular leukomalacia and stage 3 to 5 retinopathy of prematurity occurred also with similar frequency in both groups of infants. In the indomethacin prophylaxis group, 29% of the infants developed sPDA, and of them 38% responded to indomethacin treatment. In the expectantly treated group, 37% developed sPDA, and of them 59% responded to indomethacin treatment. Overall, surgical ligation rate for sPDA was similar between both groups of patients. Conclusion: In our experience, indomethacin prophylaxis does not show any advantages over expectant early treatment on the management of sPDA in ELBW infants. Although no deleterious effects were observed, prophylaxis exposed a significant number of infants who may have never developed sPDA, to potential indomethacin-related complications.