The paper considers the mechanism of action of turning with prior plastic deformation (PPD) on the laws of the cutting process and the durability of the cutting tool. The reasons and physics of this method of processing on the characteristics of the treated surface are analyzed. The theoretical substantiation of the established effect, as well as practical recommendations of application, are offered. It is established that the change of physical and mechanical properties of the processed material after PPD, the change of physical processes in the processing zone, reduces the temperature and force stress of removal of the allowance and the load on the cutting edge. The authors developed a mathematical model that predicts the life of the cutting tool blades in turning after the APD of the surface machined. The regression analysis has revealed the response function effect and allowed evaluating the effect of each factor on it. A formula for calculating the life of the cutting tool blade has been proposed, which expands the applicability of the APD cutting method in the practice of machining.