Evaluation of Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer and Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Using 11C-choline PET/CT Findings

We investigated the effectiveness of C-11-choline-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for evaluating treatment response in patients with prostate cancer or renal cell carcinoma. We performed 34 C-11-choline PET/CT scans before/after a combined total of 17 courses of treatment in 6 patients with prostate cancer and 2 with renal cell carcinoma. The 17 treatments including hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, radium-223, molecular target therapy, radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial embolization, and cancer immunotherapy yielded 1 (5.9%) complete metabolic response (CMR), 3 (17.6%) partial metabolic responses (PMRs), 2 (11.8%) stable metabolic diseases (SMDs), and 11(64.7%) progressive metabolic diseases (PMDs). Target lesions were observed in bone (n = 14), lymph nodes (n = 5), lung (n = 2), prostate (n = 2), and pleura (n= 1), with CMR in 4, PMR in 10, SMD in 8 and PMD in 2 lesions. SUVmax values of the target lesions before and after treatment were 7.87 +/- 2.67 and 5.29 +/- 3.98, respectively, for a mean reduction of -35.4 +/- 43.6%. The response for the 8 prostate cancer-treatment courses was PMD, which correlated well with changes in serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) (7 of 8 cases showed increased PSA). C-11-choline-PET/CT may be an effective tool for detecting viable residual tumors and evaluating treatment response in prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma patients.