Adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis: Upregulation of alpha 6 integrin expression in spontaneous lesional skin as well as in atopen, antigen and irritative induced patch test reactions

Atopic dermatitis is a lymphocyte-mediated skin disease. We studied the expression of the adhesion molecule alpha 6 integrin by immunohistochemistry in spontaneous atopic inflammation as well as during the eliciting phase of atopen (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), antigen (nickel sulfate) and irritative (anthralin) induced patch test reactions in atopic skin. Results were compared with nickel sulfate patch test reactions in normal skin. A role of the alpha 6 integrin, expressed at the luminal side of blood vessels, for T cell migration in lesional atopic skin was supposed. In normal human skin the alpha 6 integrin was weakly expressed by blood vessels and by basal epithelial cells of the epidermis. In acute and chronic lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis dramatic upregulation of alpha 6 integrin expression was observed on endothelial cells and in the epidermis. The similar pattern of upregulated suprabasal alpha 6 integrin expression was established in the patch test reactions 48 h after atopen and antigen application or irritation of the skin without differences in dependence on the eliciting substance. No difference of alpha 6 integrin expression was seen between atopic and normal skin. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-4 and interferon gamma play a role in atopic inflammation. Tumor growth factor beta and interleukin-6 are mitogenic/growth factors for keratinocytes. For this reason the effect of these cytokines and of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the expression level of alpha 6 integrin was tested in short-term skin organ culture of normal and atopic skin as well as in keratinocyte cultures. In these assays no cytokines had an effect on alpha 6 integrin expression suggesting another mechanism which regulates this integrin. However, the increased expression of alpha 6 integrin in the suprabasal epidermis is associated with a T cell influx into the epidermis. We speculate that the alpha 6 integrin expression may lead to an epidermotropism of T cells during inflammation.