Diagnosis of typical and atypical transition zone prostate cancer and its mimics at multiparametric prostate

Many of the current clinical screening methods for prostate cancer (PCa) such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing or transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy lack sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of PCa of the transition zone (TZ). Recent technical advances in multiparametric-MRI have markedly improved detection of PCa of the TZ. However, there are many diagnostic challenges that we still encounter in our daily practice that compromise the accuracy of the diagnosis. By performing both MRI-guided and ultrasound/MRI fusion-guided biopsies, we have gained extensive experience in the diagnosis of PCa of the TZ. Biopsy-proven examples including but not limited to typical and atypical PCa of the TZ as well as a wide variety of its mimics will be presented. Recognition of the MR features of typical and atypical PCa of the TZ and its mimics on multiparametric-MRI along with findings that help to differentiate these mimics from PCa is important in establishing an accurate diagnosis and in guiding clinical management.