Development of high resolution 3D hyperpolarized carbon-13 MR molecular imaging techniques

The goal of this project was to develop and apply techniques for T-2 mapping and 3D high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic; 0.003 cm(3)) C-13 imaging of hyperpolarized (HP) probes [1-C-13]lactate, [1-C-13]pyruvate, [2-C-13]pyruvate, and [C-13,N-15(2)]urea in vivo. A specialized 2D bSSFP sequence was implemented on a clinical 3T scanner and used to obtain the first high resolution T-2 maps of these different hyperpolarized compounds in both rats and tumor-bearing mice. These maps were first used to optimize timings for highest SNR for single time-point 3D bSSFP acquisitions with a 1.5 mm isotropic spatial resolution of normal rats. This 3D acquisition approach was extended to serial dynamic imaging with 2-fold compressed sensing acceleration without changing spatial resolution. The T-2 mapping experiments yielded measurements of T-2 values of >1 s for all compounds within rat kidneys/vasculature and TRAMP tumors, except for [2-C-13]pyruvate which was similar to 730 ms and similar to 320 ms, respectively. The high resolution 3D imaging enabled visualization the biodistribution of [1-C-13]lactate, [1-C-13]pyruvate, and [2-C-13]pyruvate within different kidney compartments as well as in the vasculature. While the mouse anatomy is smaller, the resolution was also sufficient to image the distribution of all compounds within kidney, vasculature, and tumor. The development of the specialized 3D sequence with compressed sensing provided improved structural and functional assessments at a high (0.003 cm(3)) spatial and 2 s temporal resolution in vivo utilizing HP C-13 substrates by exploiting their long T-2 values. This 1.5 mm isotropic resolution is comparable to H-1 imaging and application of this approach could be extended to future studies of uptake, metabolism, and perfusion in cancer and other disease models and may ultimately be of value for clinical imaging. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.